国外特大型低速风洞建设与试验研究综述
从介绍美国和俄罗斯建设特大型低速风洞的背景出发, 重点阐述了国外特大型低速风洞开展的试验研究情况, 包括运用的试验流程、完成的试验型号、使用的试验技术等, 尤其是针对特大型低速风洞而设计的特殊试验技术, 研判了特大型低速风洞试验技术未来的发展趋势. 研究结果表明, 特大型低速风洞的建设主要是为了满足型号试验任务和技术发展的需要, 试验流程突出大模型的安装和试验故障的处理, 试验型号以固定翼飞机、旋翼飞机等各类飞机为主, 也兼顾多种航天飞行器的低速试验研究, 还积极承揽能源、交通及建筑类的试验任务, 并在基础空气动力学问题研究方面发挥了重要的作用. 在试验技术方面, 特大型低速风洞既采用了常规的测力、测压和测速等试验技术, 也发展了全尺寸模型、倾转试验台、特大攻角、模型自由飞行、非接触光学测量、恶劣环境模拟等特殊的试验技术, 试验技术总体呈现向提交高精度数据、组合利用多种测试手段、深度赋能大数据、多学科一体化、虚拟现实与增强现实相结合等方向发展. 最后, 提出了特大型低速风洞分步发展试验技术、打造专业试验平台、突出试验细节尺度优势等几点启示.
The construction background of three full scale low speed wind tunnels in the United States and Russia is briefly introduced. Then, emphasis on tests performed in these wind tunnels are presented, including test operation mode, test model types, test technologies, etc, especially for special test techniques of the full scale wind tunnel. The future development trend of the test techniques is concluded. Research results show that the construction need of full scale wind tunnel is mainly originated from large model aerodynamic test and some related technology development. During model test process, more special attentions are paid to the installation of very large model and the treatment of test failure. The models tested in full scale wind tunnel mainly include airplanes, aerospace vehicles, and energy infrastructures. Additionally, fundamental aerodynamic problem such as rotor flow, acoustic noise can also be resolved in such kind of wind tunnel. As far as the test technique is concerned, conventional measurement method such as force balance, pressure transducer and hot wire anemometer can be used. More importantly, special test techniques developed for full scale model tilting test apparatus, test benches with very large angle of attack, model free flight mechanism, non-intrusive optical measurement and bad weather simulation facility are also been described. The general development trend of test technique is obtained, including going along a direction of providing data with high precision, combining and utilizing various test methods, enabling development with big data in depth, integrating multidiscipline research, developing virtual and augmented reality, etc. Finally, some enlightenments and suggestions are put forward, such as developing test techniques step by step, building professional experimental stand, and highlighting the advantages of large scale and detailed measurements.
随着国防建设和国民经济发展的深入推进, 我国提出了建设一座低速空气动力及交叉学科地面综合试验的标志性设备, 以期满足国家的重大战略需求(张卫国 等 2024). 这种战略需求主要体现在两个方面: 一是国家重大工程/重点型号的试验需求, 二是国家低速风洞试验设备配套体系的建设需求. 在重大工程/重点型号试验需求方面, “十四五”以来, 国家相继启动大型旋翼机、大型运输机、新一代高速列车等重大工程/重点型号任务的自主研制工作. 这些工程/型号存在大量的气动/推进耦合、气动/结构耦合、过渡飞行控制、多体干扰控制等关键技术难题, 需依托全尺寸低速地面试验设施开展多学科耦合模拟试验、跨尺度精细模拟试验、多系统工程验证试验等综合模拟试验. 在试验设备配套建设需求方面, 低速地面试验设施种类繁多, 尺寸大小不一, 且功能各有侧重. 一般来说, 4米量级的低速风洞主要用于进行概念验证试验, 8米量级的低速风洞主要用于开展气动性能验证试验, 若需开展综合性能验证试验, 则需更大尺寸的风洞. 我国目前仅建成8米量级以下的低速风洞多座(张德久 等 2024, 刘赟 等 2024), 无法满足型号试验任务对试验段尺寸、风速、流场品质和背景噪声等方面的功能指标要求, 更无法开展全尺寸的综合性能验证试验. 因此, 需要配套建设更大尺寸量级的低速风洞, 即特大型低速风洞, 也称为全尺寸风洞, 以填补综合性能验证试验能力的空白, 并兼顾考虑后续试验能力的拓展.
